A team of researchers working at the Laboratory for Health Protection of the National Institute of Public Health and the Environment in Bilthoven, The Netherlands, in collaboration with the German Centre for the Protection of Laboratory Animals (Bf3R) from the German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) in Berlin, Germany, and the Utrecht Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences of the Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands, critically emphasize on the need for microphysiological systems to support the innovations in organoids & organ-on-chip microfluidic devices (Schneider et al., 2021). According to the investigators, the strict evaluation of the potentially toxic effects of certain chemicals, including pharmaceutical compounds, on human and environmental health continues to be tough. The complexity of biological processes and the lack of accessibility to in vivo experiments exacerbate this aspect. Therefore, during the past few years, an increasing number of researchers discovered recurring model systems ranging from single cell lines to complex animal models. During the past five years, microphysiological systems mimicking human physiology on a small scale gained great attention.